Freedom Writers Reflective

Freedom Writers Reflection The movie â€Å"Freedom Writers† has many differences and similarities between various cultures. In Mrs. G’s classroom there are several mixed cultures and gangs in the class. Each of the cultures sit with what is their culture and gang. None of the cultures communicate with each other but only talk about one another and how much they hate each culture that is not their own. Each individual in the classroom has to deal with his or her own problems outside of school and home.For example Ava has to deal with a shooting that happened at a gas station with her father. She knows that her dad and his gang did it but the cops think that another black man in the gas station did it. She has to go on trial and tell her story of what she saw. In the end she tells on her father and she almost dies because what she did was disrespectful to her and her fathers gang. Even though the gangs and cultures don’t see eye to eye in the movie they all have th ings in common.They are all in gangs, each have their own stories to tell, each deal with the shooting of others and their friends, each want to communicate to others, and each want to be respected. Not a single person believes in these students except Mrs. G and Ms. Gies. When the students get to meet Ms. Gies they each get to listen to her story and each of theme realize that they can communicate and get along with other cultures no matter skin color, gang member, or even past history. Each student wants to share this with other students and other cultures and Ms.Gies can see this and she knows that the students will eventually tell their story and reach out to others. That these students are heroes willing to step out of the comfort zone and go beyond others. That is why they are heroes in her eyes. On the other hand there is the department of chair and honors teacher whom doesn’t believe in these students. They don’t understand the different culture and gangs. They only believe in their culture. They think that each culture is the same and that is that each student is dumb and will end up dropping out of high school or be dead.They don’t think that these students are worth anything. The main person that does believe in theses students are Ms. G. she takes the time to understand each and every student’s culture and personalities. She doesn’t think that her culture is any better than any other culture. She believes in these students and pushes them to do their very best. She knows that they are smart and can do better than what others think. She teaches the students about the holocaust because it is similar to their real lives that they are living now.Each culture wants to take over the other and become the best. It is genocide to them. She gives them a book to read that is not their level but just because she knows that they are interested in learning about this past history and how it relates to them they read it and unde rstand it. Ms. G is an amazing teacher because she helped to change the student’s lives around. She saw the spark that they each had and she pushed them to reach out and speak out to other students and other cultures.She never gave up on the students but only believed in them. She helped get all their academic grades up, and most of all got the different cultures to communicate. She helped them to set the example for the future. This movie relates to real life. In the work field you will be working with many people from many different cultures. You cant be biased of any person cultures or not communicate with different cultures. Get to know the other person culture you may be surprised how much you have in common with that person and their culture.

Environmental sustainability of Nestlé Essay

Introduction The environmental and sustainability report has become more and more important information to reflect the corporate social responsibility of the company. The companies, in particular the big multinational companies listed in the public, have paid much attention to disclose the relevant information recently (Environmental Leader, 2008). Nestlà © is one of the famous food manufacturing company, and this present paper is to study the relevant environmental and sustainability of Nestlà © accordingly. Environmental sustainability of Nestlà © Based on the sustainability report of Nestlà ©, the relevant environmental sustainability performance information of Nestlà © has been clearly laid out, including government and systems, life cycle approach, the impact of water, climate change, air emissions, transports and distribution, packaging optimization, waste and recovery and biodiversity (Veritas, 2012). In light of the information provided by Nestlà ©, the value of Nestlà © in relation to the environmental sustainability is to enhance its environmental performance and efficient operations, decrease the negative impacts on the natural resource, and constantly employ the cost saving approaches in terms of raw materials, water, etc. Meanwhile, the goal of Nestlà © is to supply the delicious food and beverages, as well as obtain the better environmental performance, with a view to enhance the efficiency of business operation and environmental impact accordingly (Veritas, 2012). In Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s report of environmental sustainability, it has introduced various actions that Nestlà © carried out this year in order to achieve the environmental sustainability goals. The actions taken by Nestlà © include investing CHF 143 million in environmental improvements, performing the relevant project to enhance the environmental impact by reducing water use, non-renewable energy consumption, GHG emissions, avoiding waste and enhancing the utilities of the products, such as the packaging. In addition, Nestlà © also has worked with the suppliers to improve the performance of its supply chain (Veritas, 2012). Nestlà © has provided the quantity information of its performance environmental sustainability since year 2001, including reducing 17% GHG emissions, reduced by 58% and 42% per tonne of product in terms of water withdrawals and energy consumption respectively. Meanwhile, the renewable energy consumption has reduced to 12% of total energy consumption, and the wa ter discharges has reduced by 64% per tonne of product. The efforts that Nestlà © put into the environmental sustainability may increase the cost of its business, but on the other hand, those efforts can also generate more production volume. For instance, the total on-site energy consumption slightly increased by 0.5%, while the total production volume increased by 73.3% over the same period since year 2001. Furthermore, Nestlà © has obtained various awards and recognitions of its performance in environmental sustainability, such as 2011 Stockholm Industry Water Award, 27th World Environment Center Gold Medal award for its commitment to environmental sustainability (Veritas, 2012). Based on the information provided by Nestlà ©, it has demonstrated that Nestlà © has paid much attention to the environmental issue and Nestlà © has the high social responsibility of the environment impact. Meanwhile, there are various elements that heavily influenced the operations of Nestlà ©, and Nestlà © needs to face the relevant challenges of those impacts, including the access of the clean water, constant innovation for the tasty and nutritious food and beverages for the growth population, reducing GHG from its operation, etc. (Veritas, 2012). In the end, the efforts and resources that Nestlà © engaged has not only obtained the long terms positive impact of its corporate profits, but also established the favorable corporate image of its brand and obtained the highly reward for the public (Kolk, 2004). Conclusion To sum up, Nestlà © has established a systemic approach in environmental sustainability and has disclosed the comprehensive environmental sustainability reports to the public. Nestlà © is not the company that only simply chases the growth of its financial revenues, but it also focuses on the environmental impact caused by its business. The release of the relevant information that the company engaged in sustainability activities can make the shareholders and the public know much about the value of company, and generate the positive influences in the long term.

A Study on the Jovian Planets

A Study on the Jovian Planets Far beyond Earth in the solar nebula lies an ice belt and beyond that lay the four Jovian planets. They are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Jovian means Jupiter- like in which the rest of do coincide with the name. Uranus Neptune and Saturn, all carry the same traits as Jupiter. are large gas giants that contain mainly a thick atmosphere of Hydrogen and helium. These planets do not have solid surfaces, rather they just get denser with depth. They contain high mass and are usually anywhere from 15 to 318 times the mass of earth. They also contain many satellites and the gravity is much stronger than that of earth. inner structure probably consists of a rocky core of metals, water, ammonia and methane. Usually these cores are about the same size as earth possibly a little larger. It is also possible that Uranus and Neptunes core is a liquid instead of a solid. also have about the same rotational characteristics and all have rings around them. Jupiter, the first of , reigns supreme throughout the solar system. Named after the Roman god Jove, the ruler of Olympus; Jupiter is the fifth planet from the sun and is also the largest planet in the Earths solar system. It is 318 times more massive than Earth and is two thirds of the planetary mass in the solar system. Jupiters surface, unlike earth, is gaseous and not a solid. It is about 90% hydrogen and 10% helium with traces of methane, ammonia, water and rock. Jupiters interior is very similar to the Suns interior but with a far lower temperature. However, it is still unknown but Jupiter is believed to have a core of liquid metallic hydrogen. This exotic element can only be achieved at pressure greater than 4 million bars. Jupiter radiates more energy in space than it receives from the sun. The interior of Jupiter is hot and has been estimated to be 20000 degrees Kelvin. The heat is generated by the Kelvin- Hemholtz mechanism, or the gravitational compression of a planet. It g ives off about 1.5 to 2 times more energy than the sun. It is speculated that the source of this heat is due to the rapid rotation of the planet and its liquid metallic hydrogen core. Liquid Metallic hydrogen consists mainly of ionized protons and electrons and is the electrical conductor and the source of Jupiters magnetic field. This magnetic field spins in less than 10 hours and is stirred by convection currents. The results are the strongest magnetic field in the solar system. ( Seeds, 516). This magnetic field is so large that it extends beyond Saturn and is electrified enough to send charges into the earths magnetic field. In the 1970s, Pioneer and Voyager flew past Jupiter and discovered the large magnetic field or magnetosphere. The magnetosphere is not a true sense a perfect sphere. It is highly flattened due to the rapid rotation of Jupiter. This magnetic field causes phenomenon such as strong lightening and even an aurora similar to earths aurora borealis . Jupiter, unlike earth, has three distinct weather producing zones or a troposphere. They are believed to contain Ammonia ice, ammonium hydrosulfide, and water and ice. In the apparent or uppermost atmosphere, ammonia ice crystals thrive in a temperature of about 150 degrees Kelvin. Most astronomers theorize that the next level of the atmosphere is primarily made up of Ammonium hydrosulfide crystals in a temperature of 200 degrees Kelvin. It is also theorized that the third and final level before the liquid metallic hydrogen is a layer of liquid ammonia and water droplets. Jupiters atmosphere is also plagued by high velocity winds that move in wide bands. These winds blow in opposite directions along the latitude of the planet. Because of chemical reactions and differences, they can be seen wrapping around Jupiter in colorful bands. The light colored bands are called zones and the dark colored bands are called belts. It is not known whether the belts and zones are permanent, they have not changed in eighty years of observance. One theory is that the jet stream at the belt-zone boundaries are linked to circulation patterns deep in the liquid interior (Seeds, 520) One of the most prominent features in Jupiters atmosphere is the Great Red Spot or GRS. The GRS is an oval about 12000 by 25000 km. At first sight the GRS is similar to a hurricane on earth but with infrared observations and by observing the direction of rotation, scientists have concluded that the GRS is a high pressure region whose cloud tops are higher and colder than surrounding regions. Similar animosities exist on the other Jovian planets but it is not known how long they will last. Like all Jovian planets, Jupiter has its own ring system. Jupiters rings are less than 30 kilometers thick and with a distance of 1.81 planetary radii. The rings are at least 100 times harder to see than Saturns rings. Most of the particles found in Jupiters rings are small and have a diameter about the same size as a light wave length. This causes the light to bounce off of the particles and scatter making the rings look bright. The particles found in Jupiters rings are believed to be the remains of a moon that moved in too close to the Roche limit and was torn apart. Like a great king with many followers, Jupiter also has an extremely large amount of satellites orbiting around it. Jupiters satellites can be divided into two groups. The smaller moons are merely captured asteroids but the larger moons are like a small planet. Callisto is one of the larger moons orbiting around Jupiter. It is slightly larger than the earths moon and has rocky core topped by a mantel of ice. Photographs of Callisto has shown that it is a dead world that is mostly dark and full of pot marks from meteors. Ganymede, the next moon of Jupiter is also an icy world. It is about fifty percent larger than the earths moon. Ganymede is full of craters but it also has a grooved surface which suggests that the water mantle must have been warm enough to leak and it was probably caused by tidal heating. Europa unlike Callisto and Ganymede is a rocky moon with a small icy crust. However, this moon is also an active moon. Voyager photos showed a icy surface that had almost no craters at all and cracks that seemed to be allowing water to seep through, so it is theorized that Europa is a moon that is still growing and changing. Io is the moon closest to Jupiter. Io is surrounded by a cloud of sulfur, oxygen and sodium. It was also discovered that Io has eight active volcanoes on it and it continues to grow and expand as the volcanoes spew gas and debree. It also gets all of its energy from the Io flux tube. The tube is thought to deliver ionized gas to the surface to give the volcanoes their energy. Jupiter also has many other small moons called the Galilean moons. These moons are thought to be small asteroids that were captured. It is also believed that the moons were originally part of the planet itself when it first formed. However, Jupiter in all its glory and moons cannot live up to the beauty of the sixth planet away from the sun. Saturn one of the most beautiful planets was discovered by Galileo with a telescope in 1609. Saturn is a very unique planet in that it is lighter than water, with a density of .7 gram per cubic centimeter. ( Considine) Saturn is only slightly smaller than Jupiter and has many of the same attributes that Jupiter has. Saturn is thought to have a liquid metallic region and a small silicate core. It has also been shown that with infrared observations that Saturn radiates 2.5 to 3 times more energy than it gets from the Sun (Seeds, 529) Like Jupiter, Saturn has belts and zones but they lie much deeper in the Atmosphere and contrast less. The atmosphere of Saturn is slightly different from Jupiters atmosphere. Saturn is much colder and the temperature seems to change as if there were seasons. The winds also blow much harder than on Jupiter . They can exceed 500 meters per second and they blow primarily in an eastward direction. Saturn also contains less helium in its composition than Jupit er. Saturn also has a large magnetoscope allowing the rings to exist but it is largely influenced by the solar winds. Although all the Jovian planets have rings, Saturn is by far the best known. When Galileo discovered the rings in 1609, he thought that he saw three objects. A central form with two forms on either side. It was not until 1659, that Christiaan Huygens discovered the actual disc around the planet. Then in 1675, Giovanni Cassani discovered the gaps between the rings. The gaps are now called Cassanis division. Saturns rings are named by the letters of the alphabet in the order they were discovered not in the order they actually appear. The outermost edge of ring A is about 21 times the radius of earth (Seeds, 532) The rings of Saturn are made up of millions of small particles mostly frozen water. Each ring rotates slower on the inside than on the outside. It is believed that the rings have a thickness of two kilometers. As voyager passed by Saturn, it was discovered that there were many gaps between the rings and that there was as many as 100 rings around Saturn. It was also discovered that Saturns rings had spokes that radiated out radially from the ring. Scientists believe that the Magnetic sphere around Saturn caused microscopic particles to be pulled out radially from the rings and they scattered the light much like the rings around Jupiter. Voyager also sent back pictures of shepherd satellites or two moons that orbit around each other. The gravitational force of these moons are thought to be one of the leading causes of the many rings within a ring. While the rings are beautiful it is still a mystery whether the moon is primordial or part of an icy moon that got too close to Saturns Roche limit. Saturn also has it own satellites beside its rings. Saturn has seventeen different moons. Most are dead icy worlds, but there is one large enough that it may contain oceans. Saturns biggest satellite is Titan, with a diameter of 5150 kilometers it is 6 percent larger than Mercury. It is the second largest satellite in the solar system. It is been proposed that Titan is made up of equal parts of rock and ice. It has a very opaque atmosphere. It is a very thick photochemical haze that is about 50 kilometers thick. The atmospheric pressure is about 60 percent greater than earths and it is mad up primarily of nitrogen. Most scientists agree that some form of liquid methane lies on the surface. Some even believe that the surface contains rivers, lakes and even oceans full of methane. It is also speculated that the slime made by the methane might have been the same slime that started life here on Earth many centuries ago. Unfortunately, not much more can be learned about Titan until we can go beyond its thick, hazy atmosphere. In addition to Titan there are eight smaller moons and many more minor satellites. Most of these moons are geologically dead. Few show some signs of cracks and fissures. It is also interesting top point out that the moons are not all spherical in shape, there are a few that are highly irregular. Overall, these moons wobble and move about in a crazy orbiting pattern , unfortunately we have not learned enough to give much information about them. The next planet in the wonderful series of the Jovian Planets is Uranus. Uranus was discovered by Herschel on March 13, 1781 while he was looking for stellar parallax. Uranus is named after the eldest of the Greek Gods. Uranus like Jupiter has no surface. It is mainly comprised of hydrogen and helium. It has no visible cloud patterns but its weather is shown to be similar to Jupiters and Saturns weather. It is thought to have three levels of atmosphere, with water clouds on the first level, followed by Ammonia clouds and then Methane clouds. Uranus also has the same characteristic of the belt- zone pattern that Saturn and Jupiter has. This has laid claim that the temperature of Uranus is directly related to seasons and the belt- zones wind pattern. The interior of Uranus does not include the same liquid metallic hydrogen that makes up Jupiter and Saturn. It is believed that the core is made up of highly pressured water, ammonia and methane which becomes a strong enough conductor to create a magnetic field around the planet . The magnetosphere is also odd in that it does not center around Uranus, instead it slants to about 60 degrees relative to its axis. This magnetosphere is also known for causing the phenomenon known as electroglow or ultraviolet photons released into the solar winds. Unlike Jupiter and Saturn , Uranus barely releases more energy than it gets from the sun and is thought that it has lost most of its internal heat. Like Saturn, Uranus also has rings that were discovered not very long ago. In 1977, James Elliot and a team discovered the rings accidentally. There are eleven known rings that range in size and shape. Unlike Saturn rings, Uranuss Rings are dark in color and relatively thin. The brightest of these rings is known as the epsilon ring. It is filled with debree of fairly large particles and dust. Uranus is also surrounded by about 15 satellites. The names of Uranuss moons take from the writings of the bard William Shakespeare and Pope. Uranian moons are believed to be made up of dirty ice. Oberon the outermost moon, is named after the fairy king in Midsummer Nights Dream, and is pot marked with craters and is fairly dark. It has a large fissure or fault were it was believed that water poured across and flooded the craters. Titania, respectively named for the fairy queen in the aforementioned play, is the largest of the uranian moons. Titania is littered with craters, faults and fissures. It has shown signs of being active but not recently. Uranus has other moons also but the most unique is Miranda. Mirandas history is a violent one that tells us that she might have been broken apart. The surface of Miranda is also filled with ovoids or oval patterns that unknown in origin. The last and final Jovian Planet is Neptune. Neptune was named for the sea god and is the eighth planet from the sun. Neptune was discovered in 1843 by two people Adams and Galle. Very little is known about Neptune and most the information provided is from voyager2s encounter. Neptunes interior seems to be like Uranuss in that it is comprised mainly of various ices and rocks. It is presumed that Neptune has a small rocky core with an icy mantle with a layer of liquid hydrogen. Like the typical gaseous planets, Neptune has wild winds confined to bands of latitude with large storms or vortices. Neptune unlike Uranus has an internal heat source that radiates twice as much energy as it gets from the sun. Neptune like all of the jovian planets has a magnetic field, though it is weaker than Uranuss. However like Uranuss magnetic field, the magnetic field of Neptune is off centered and tips at a fifty degree angle. Neptune also has rings like the rest of the jovian planets. There are very few of them and they are considerably thin and dark . Probably the only reason they exist is because of the shepherding moons. Neptune has about eight moons with Triton being the largest. Triton is mainly composed of ice and is still active. It has very few craters but has seen a violent past. It has been pushed and pulled by tidal forces, which caused nitro gas volcanoes on its surface. Different from the terrestrial planets, the Jovian planets are basically big balls of gas. The jovian planets seemed to be formed around the same time from the solar nebula. Jupiter and Saturn are the closest in nature to each other with Neptune and Uranus taking on a few of their traits. They all carry the same characteristics in their Classification. The Jovian planets are composed mainly of helium and hydrogen. They have a liquid or small rocky core. They are usually high in mass and low in density. They have many satellites and the gravity is much stronger than Earths. They also all share the same banding and zoning winds. With these characteristics defined with each description given it is easy to see how the planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are Jovian or Jupiter like.

Deaf reading reaction Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Deaf reading reaction - Coursework Example As such, I get to understand the challenges that those with hearing abilities suffer when it comes to acquiring knowledge and skills in various fields. Despite the conventional belief that deaf education could have been developed long ago in the United States, I was surprised to learn from the article that this is not the case. The author states that policy makers in the developed countries are still struggling to come to terms with provision of deaf education â€Å"†¦.in the New World were still struggling to come to terms with views about deaf children and learning† (Lang 13). This is contrary to the general belief that deaf education could be highly developed in most developed countries due to advancement in technology in these countries. The article, moreover, brings out the weaknesses that exist in the current education curriculum. Here, the author says that the curriculum focus has mainly been â€Å"on active learning and articulation across grades† (Lang 16). This hence leaves out the special needs of the deaf. Furthermore, the article offers vital information by evaluating the critical roles played by parents in the provision of deaf education. The child-parent relationship greatly enhances the learning process. More so, the article examines the achievements made, so far, in the provision of deaf education. Apparently, despite all the challenges encountered, so much has been achieved since the realization of the need to offer special education to the deaf. In conclusion, I would recommend policy makers in the education sector to read the article as it provides useful insights on the growth of deaf education. It is also imperative for researchers to use the article as it lays a firm foundation on future studies on deaf

The Disquieting Effects of Global Warming Research Paper

The Disquieting Effects of Global Warming - Research Paper Example Studies conducted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007) conclude that the mean global temperature near the earth’s surface experienced an increase of 0.74 + 0.18 degrees Celsius during a period of 100 years from 1905 to 2005. The IPCC has also projected that the global temperature will experience a further increase of 1.1 to 6.4 degrees Celsius through the twenty-first century. (2007) Owing to the rather obscure nature of changes taking place in the atmosphere, this phenomenon remains surrounded by controversy. A portion of the masses refuses to accept the magnitude of global warming and proclaim that the phenomenon is caused by completely natural sources like solar variations and volcanic eruptions. But some very alarming facts stated later will assure everyone of the damaging implications global warming has had on our planet. The IPCC blames the human race for a major part of global warming, â€Å" most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-twentieth century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic (man-made) greenhouse gas concentrations† Greenhouse gases are the gases present in the atmosphere even under normal conditions. These gases, which include (in order of their abundance) water vapour, carbon-di-oxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and CFC’s, are essential to bring about the Greenhouse effect. These gases capture the infrared radiations from the sun’s emission and retain it, thus warming the earth’s atmosphere. If it wasn’t for the greenhouse effect, the earth’s temperature would have been close to –19 degrees Celsius.

Communication and practice within the early years environment Essay - 1

Communication and practice within the early years environment - Essay Example It will be a way for the practitioner to assess whether or not she is on the right track in terms of communicating effectively with children, parents, colleagues and other professionals and make the necessary amendments to be a better communicator. Interpersonal communication is the process of sending and receiving information between two or more people. Almost anything that takes place in work and personal life involves communication (Dubrin, 1996). It consists of verbal and nonverbal interactions which play a part in the effective exchange of ideas. Lefebvre (2008) advises that when speaking, one must also be aware of body language and tone and inflection of voice. She notes that different ideas may be conveyed by simply emphasising different parts of the statement. Being an active listener helps one understand the message being relayed to him. As the listener, one should hold his response until the speaker is done, and keenly observe nonverbal cues expressed. It must always be rem embered that communication is a give and take process. One must learn to wait his turn to be the speaker and the listener (Lefebvre, 2008). This is one important key in effective communication. Although currently, there are many available forms of communication, this essay will be limited to the discussion of face to face interpersonal communication, most especially in the context of the early years environment. It will draw specific, practical examples from the practitioner’s experiences in placement. Verbal communication or speaking out to another person is often accompanied by non-verbal language which includes facial expressions, gestures, posture, body language and tone of voice. Sometimes, such non-verbal expressions say more than the verbalizations of a person. Whereas verbal language must be delivered clearly for it to be understood, it is much more difficult with non-verbal language (Lee, 2008). With verbal language, most of the time, the verbalization is thought out first, before a person releases it. However, with non-verbal language, it naturally comes out, even without thinking. Hence, the non-verbal communication can sometimes betray what a person says when his actions are not compatible with his words. Usually, this is where miscommunication occurs (LeFebvre, 2008). An individual’s communication skills reflects his emotional intelligence. Goleman (1998) defines emotional intelligence as one’s capacity for recognising one’s own feelings and those others, to be able to motivate oneself and manage emotions well for one’s sake as well as for his relationship with others. This means that if one knows how he will react to a certain situation, he will be able to manage his communication style better and be able to send his message across effectively. Thus, it is essential that a practitioner becomes emotionally intelligent in dealing with various situations in placement in order to establish and maintain harmonious in terpersonal communication (Goleman, 2006). From the placement period with young children, the practitioner learned how important interpersonal communication is. Through daily interactions with children, they develop relationships that help them about themselves and the world that is why adults in the early years setting should be able to create and maintain positive and healthy relationships

Project Statistics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Statistics Project Example The main procedure utilized in this study was regression analysis. It was utilized to explain the total variation of the dependent variable, the price of housing. The dependent variable was accompanied by 5 variables, which were tested against the dependent variable to determine how much of the total variation is explained. The analyses also discussed the comparison of the different regression models, and determine which model is the most effective. In regards to the regression analysis results, it is clearly evident that model 4 and 5 are the strongest model and model 1 being the weakest. Model 2 and 3 does not apply because of the reasons given. The first regression analysis step was to input all the collected data from the surveys into a spreadsheet. This process allows efficient running of regression models. After all the data was entered, there was formulation of the initial regression model. The analysis was done as in the next section. In summary, basing on the multiple regression above it is observed that the cost of construction, inflation rates, interest rates and real property gains tax influence negatively the price of housing. On the other hand population influences positively the price of housing. The analysis of this model can be further analyzed to ascertain the strength of the influence as seen in the next section. This first regression analysis shows a relatively weak model. The coefficient of Determination(R squared) shows that only 4% of the total variation is explained by the cost of construction factor. The standard error is 22.39, determined by the low R squared. In regards to the hypothesis testing, by considering an alpha of 0.05, the results indicate that this age variable is to be rejected. The independent variable of cost of construction demonstrates that the higher the cost of construction is, the less the price of housing and this is in line with several studies done. Thus the performance is less by -0.46633.

History of the European Theatre Art Research Paper

History of the European Theatre Art - Research Paper Example The history of the development of theatre performances in Europe can be traced back alongside the Greek history, which began around 700 B.C. The Greece had numerous festivals in honour of their gods such as Dionysus in whose honour; the festival of the city Dionysia was performed. People involved themselves in revelry during these times while the festivities of the whole occasion were always led by drunkards who would hide their identities by wearing goatskins as they performed. These ceremonies were usually flowered with fierce competitions from the different Greek communities in attendance and the winning communities would always enjoy the honour of being crowned the winners of the festivals. Most plays that were presented during this time in Greek were majorly tragic- comedies that were based on love and romance as viewed in the context of the people of that time, the term ‘tragedy’ originated from the Greek name for ‘goat skin’ that were worn during thes e performances. Collin notes that most of theses plays owed their main thematic origins from the Greek mythologies and the histories about the human personal life and expressed man’s quest to relate the meaning of life and the nature of their gods. Their performances followed a specific format whereby they were usually accompanied by songs introducing a period of paradox, the time during which the characters were introduced, the mood for the plays set in the minds of the viewers and the expositions made concerning the nature of the plays. Some of the very common plays that were performed during this time in the Greek theatres include Sophocles and Euripedes that were common in the fifth century performances. A Writer such as Aeschylus, a performer at shows in Dionysia at around 499 B.C., was among the first writers of this kind and whose writings are among the oldest in the Greek history of theatre arts. Others include Sophocles with his famous works such as Antigone Electra and the Oedipus Rex. Aeschylus (525- 456 B.C) and Sophocles (496- 406 B.C) added major contributions into the Greek theatre by introducing the second and the third actors to the stage respectively. Moreover, they led to the improvement of the quality of the songs and increasing the number of singers on stage thus giving theatre performances a more realistic dimension and giving the viewers what they liked most (Brockett 2003). The new dimension had more impact on the viewers as

1st Amendment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

1st Amendment - Essay Example Freedom of speech should also be limited whereby one takes away someones rights such as threats and discrimination. Freedom of speech should also be limited for matters of national security whereby information shared should be confidential( Freedom of Expression in the United States, 2013) Yes, freedom of speech can improve society. Freedom of speech allows citizens to freely criticize the government which responds to answer to its actions unlike whereby speech is restricted, unfair criticisms tend to rise and may spread all over the country. Freedom of speech gives the society political right which allows them to resist to oppression, injustice and have free elections. Freedom of speech allows citizens to freely express their minds on vital issues of the society and access information which promotes the free flow of thoughts that preserve democracy and self-actualization for the healthy development of the society. Pure freedom is speech is not beneficial in todays world since unlimited freedom of speech is damaging to the development of the society and the government service to its citizens. In scenarios whereby speech is unlimited, unfair criticisms are made against the state in which case the state cannot respond. This results in poor relations between the state and its citizens and its a step backwards to national development. The modern society often abuses the freedom of speech to hurt and harm others. For example; Television stations, air adult content without putting a warning message and minors end up being exposed to indecent material. They should be limited to airing those programs at later hours. No, allowing people to freely spread hatred, incite violence and ridicule others religions and nations results in a divide and lack of peace between the people, different religions and countries. It also violates the freedom of speech, freedom of expression and the right to

Sophists’ Philosophical Contributions Essay Example for Free

Sophists’ Philosophical Contributions Essay It is often a debate in philosophy which was the truth or the sham or if there exists such as natural or divine but nowadays many seem to not care for life can get along even without knowing the philosophy behind these. Philosophers by then are very concerned and intrigued on the searching for and on classifying things whether it is a knowledge or an opinion or a truth or mere interpretations. Some could find this debate unnecessary but for epistemological sakes it is important to tackle this one fundamental of philosophy. The glory that was Greece† is accompanied by a picture of a flourishing civilization: in education, economy, social and political aspects. There were paradigm shifts that are deeply rooted from the historical bloom of democracy in Athens. In this form of government, Athenians have Council of aristocrats who will suggest laws and measures but the Assembly of free men has the power to veto them. There are many city-states by then but Athens managed to be the center of power or the capital of Greece because they lead to the abandonment of the Persians in Greek lands. It was by the cleverness of Themistocles to not follow what the Oracle of Delphi suggested on which strategy to do to defeat the Persians. After they, together with the Spartans, have won the war, Athens became a sea power which gave their citizens a chance later on to do trade and merchandising. Then the Athenian life commenced to flourish in all the aspects of being the prime and respected city-state of Greece (Melchert 17). The rise of intellectuals enticed many Athenians to pursue education so the demand for teachers also rose. Sophists are teacher travelers who move from a place to the other according to where the education demand is. They charge money for their service thus most of their pupils are of middle-class or of the rich and they claim to teach excellence by training them how to master their own affairs, to manage their household, and to be a leader. In short, Sophistical education aims in molding a pupil into a better man and a great leader of society who will be an expert in public relations and politics. Though Sophists have no one doctrine, all of them teach ‘rhetoric which is the principle and practice of persuasive speaking which is seen by the Sophists essential to a man who wishes to be a better man and a public icon or leader. It teaches the students that if there are two sides on the issue, a skilled rhetorician should be able to explore and present both sides of the argument, from which, one can choose which side to defend. In modern debate this mechanics would work for a debater to foresee what his or her opponent will say and with this, the chance of winning an argument is large. It is therefore, winning an argumentative debate depends heavily on the rhetorical skills of a person, whether or not he is saying the truth or whether or not he is after the truth. Sophists do not believe into what philosophers like Heraclitus is asserting for they say that there is no one logos (what could be said) or nothing is ‘common to all. ’ That all things, as they agree with Democritus, depend on what man considers to be true, real, and essential, thus all a man could have is opinion – not knowledge, not truth. They suggest that human beings are confined on our senses and truth is beyond us, beyond the capability of the senses. Man can only infer from what he senses and the information can only ‘represent some probabilities’ of what is real and true so the best man can only attain are inexact certainties, all beyond are not to be talked about (Melchert 42-44). From here it is proven that Sophists are somehow like Democritus: empiricists. Sophists’ relativism point of view is best summarized in the famous line of Protagoras: Of all the measure is man: of all existing things, that they exist, of non-existing things, that they do not exist (DK S0 B 1, IEGP, 245). Since it is impossible for human to go beyond what we sense, man is the measure or the ‘final judge’ of how things are. This means that man is the standard of all things so what may be true to me can be false to you and then we stop arguing for neither of us is true nor false. With this, knowledge could not be distinguished from opinion so the ‘majority’ chooses the best opinion to which they are going to agree or convene with. Sophists’ relativism put a stress on the difference of physis (nature of things in general) and nomos (things that are according to how human beings decided what they should be so). Nomos in short is the relativist view which again tells us that whichever is which does not give us a hint of it is right or wrong. Of course the world would be in chaos if people are to go on to whichever way they would want thus laws are made to have a social arrangement. But who will provide or say what the best settlement is? What Sophists are trying to inject in Athenians’ minds in this point is that if you are an excellent rhetorician, you can win the hearts of the many and thus convince the majority. It is not of concern whether the laws made are just or not because whatever the majority says so (as what is appealing or seeming to be just for them) wins. Example, death penalty can be just to the Arabian countries but not in some Christian countries. This is supported as well by the persistent amendments and additional ratifications in the constitutions of countries; laws change according to the changing need of present society. Therefore, as Sophists claim, it is the nomos or customs which dictates all (Melchert 44-47). Plato, on the other hand is concerned on the nature and clarification of concepts such as right and justice however he always left his argumentation open (Hummel 3). He designed a utopian Republic for Plato; the world of ideas is permanent and more ‘real’ than the world of facts because facts are in constant flux. The object therefore of Platonic education is not a know-how but a moral and political discipline for the real aim of education is not personal growth but for the service of state. Plato despised the Sophistical education by accusing them of being magicians who ‘shadow play on words’ (Hummel 8). Plato, like his Socrates, believes that truth and reality is already there when we were born, it is just that we need to ‘recollect’ them. It is reflected on his Republic that the power of the state should not be on the masses but rather to one philosopher-king, who is almost perfect and god-like to save Athens from degeneration that Sophists started. This leader is capable of distinguishing the truth; what is ethical and just (Kreis Greek Thought). But how would the people know who is the wisest among the citizens? This suggestion seems to have a loophole because if not all citizens are educated, then masses could still fall on the hands of the best speaker, the best in the art of controlling the masses. Plato, in his talk to Gorgias, said that majority system is lame for the rules they agree upon is according to the personal interests of the strongest. He suggested that like Xerxes, people should always act according to the natural law even though it is different with the man-made laws. Plato also insisted that we must first look at nature to find evidences on classifying right or wrong and eventually only after this, we could say what justice is. It seems that Plato is undeniably ideal for he is convinced that truth and reality (which lies on nature) are hard to recollect but he suggest never to stop and to settle on the foolish agreements of man-made laws. If this is the case, then it seems that he is suggesting that before we make laws, know nature first, but this is hard (as he admitted) or almost impossible (like Sophists said). It could be summed up here that man-made laws are temporarily there and it they should undergo certain revisions and amendments according to how far human race conceive what is nature. Again, who will say that man-made laws should be amended? Plato will say that it must be the wisest and Sophists say it must be the people (whoever leader they believe and follow in). Overall, it is the strongest and wisest that will control and reign thus people must consider, as Plato suggests, the one with ‘true’ morality. Aristotle continued the defiance of Plato against the Sophists but has a different method of approach. He did not believe that man is already pre-imposed with knowledge for man acquires knowledge solely on experience. From here, we can see the essence and continuing influence of those two famous Western philosophical knowledge traditions – rationalism and empiricism. The earlier tradition states that knowledge is a priori (exists before experience) and the latter states that it is a posteriori (exists after experience) (Kreis Greek Thought). Being a scientist rather than a mathematician, Aristotle is an empiricist but his line of philosophy does not follow that of the Sophists. He explained that there is nothing beyond time and space thus all knowledge and truth is confined here, only within the universe. It is not man who naturally has the knowledge as Plato insists but it is the universe which has, and that experience is needed by man to collect them. In empirical or existing things, we can derive abstract thoughts i. e. different skin colors could make man think that there could be inequality. In Aristotle’s Law of Non-Contradiction, he states that X can not be both Y and non-Y can not also be X (Plato cont. ). This gives us a hint on his refutations on the reasoning of Sophists because Sophists claim that it is acceptable to choose either ways (relativism). It can be seen here that Aristotle’s logic was not observed by the Sophists for X is absolute and Y as well so there must be no blurred or mixed distinctions. It seems that Aristotle is saying that what is right is right, a wrong cold never be right. It came down that all the accusations of Aristotle and Plato on Sophists deteriorating the education and the morals of the citizens (thus affecting the justice views) are true but their wide and long acceptance means that Sophists say something that Plato and Aristotle failed to refute fully. It is still a continuous search whether what we believe to be just today is really just or we may stay not to care for nature at all and go for the majority. Plato and Aristotle give us their ‘ideal’ holistic view on the true nature of abstract thoughts such as justice. Though different in approaches, with Aristotle appearing like integrating the empiricist and rational disposition, both still help in giving us exercises or hints on how to think and re-examine life for us to be a more ‘human’ as all philosophers want human to be.

Tcp Congestion Control Methods Tutorial Information Technology Essay

Tcp Congestion Control Methods Tutorial Information Technology Essay Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the two core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. Together with IP, they constitute the backbone stack of many internet applications like the World Wide Web, the e-mail and file transfer (FTP). Its main function is to provide a reliable stream service utilizing an unreliable packet delivery system inherited by its underlying IP layer. By the term reliable, we mean the reliable ordered delivery of a stream of bytes from one peer to another that runs the same TCP protocol stack. To add this substantial functionality and reliability, TCP imposes complexity. It is a much more complex protocol than its underlying IP protocol. The main mechanism TCP uses to offer reliability is the positive acknowledgement and retransmission scheme. Transmitted segments must be acknowledged and if there is a loss, a retransmission takes place. To make the network utilization more efficient, instead of transmitting each segment only after reception of an acknowledgement for the previously transmitted segment, TCP uses the concept of a window. The window includes all those segments that are allowed to be sent without waiting for a new acknowledgment. TCP allows end to end adjustment of the data flow a sender introduces to the network by varying the window size. How can a sender know what is the suitable window size? A receiver indicates it in a window advertisement which comes to the sender as part of the acknowledgment. Since modern internet applications are hungry for bandwidth, there is a high possibility that network becomes congested at some time. Routers have a finite storage capacity for handling IP packets. If the packet flow rate becomes excessive, routerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s queue buffers will become full and their software will start to discard any new packets arrived. This has a negative impact in the TCP operation and performance in general. Increased delays and losses will impose retransmissions and hence increased traffic. In its turn, increased traffic will make congestion more severe and in this way, Internet will experience what is known as congestion collapse, exhibiting a performance fall of several orders of magnitude. To overcome this problem, TCP uses many mechanisms-algorithms to avoid congestion collapse and achieve high performance. The main idea behind these algorithms is to control the rate of data entering the network and keep it below a threshold rate. If this threshold we re to be crossed, a new collapse phase could be triggered. Data senders can infer from an increasing number of delays that the network is congested and so adjust the flow in order to mitigate the phenomenon and give the network the necessary time to clear the queues and recover from congestion. TCP Congestion Algorithms RFC5681 describes four congestion control algorithms. Slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit and fast recovery. All these algorithms work with the admission that sender infers network congestion by observing segment losses. As mentioned above, in TCP, receiverà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s buffer capability can be advertised backwards in the acknowledgement messages. This helps the sender to adjust its window size. Congestion algorithms introduce a second limit which is named congestion window. This new window is used for restricting the data flow of sender below the limit that main window determines. Actually, in a congested phase, the TCP window size used is the minimum value between the normal and congestion windows sizes. Reducing the congestion window reduces the injecting data flow to the network. Congestion avoidance algorithm reduces the congestion window by half upon each segment loss. For those segments that remain in the window, it also backs off the retransmission timer exponentially. In this way, quick and significant traffic reduction is achieved. Upon loss of successive segments, the algorithm uses an exponential rate to drop the data flow and increase the retransmission timers. This gives enough time for the network to recover and become stable again. Slow start algorithm is used when the network has recovered from the congestion and the windows start to increase again. To prevent oscillation between network congestion and normal conditions coming immediately after recovery, slow start indicates that congestion window must start at the size of a single segment and increase by one segment for each acknowledgement arrived. This effectively doubles the transmitted segments during each successive round trip time. To avoid increasing the window size too quickly, once congestion window reaches one half of its size prior to congestion, TCP enters a congestion avoidance phase and the rate of increment is abruptly slowed down. During this phase, congestion window increases by just one segment and only after all segments in the current window have been acknowledged. Upon detection of a duplicate acknowledgment, sender cannot deduce if there was a loss or a simple delay of a segment. If ordinary out-of-order conditions are present, one or two duplicate acknowledgements are typically expected. If however, sender receives three or more acknowledgements, it can infer that there is loss of segments due to congestion and so it retransmits the segment (indicated by the position of the acknowledgement in the byte stream) without waiting for the retransmission timer expiration. This constitutes the fast retransmit algorithm. Fast recovery follows fast retransmit algorithm and in the real TCP implementations these two algorithms are usually working together. Since reception of duplicate acknowledgements is a clear sign that data is still flowing in the receiver, fast recovery algorithm puts the sender in the congestion avoidance phase instead of the slow start phase. Therefore, if losses are not due to congestion, there will be a faster recovery of data flow without the penalty experienced by the use of slow start. However, fast recovery only works well for moderate congestion conditions. Newer algorithms Although the aforementioned four algorithms offer substantial congestion control, newer techniques have emerged in the bibliography as a result of extensive research in this specific area. These new algorithms try to build upon the old methods, enhancing TCP performance and increasing the responsiveness to congestion. One limitation of normal TCP operation is that if a transmitted segment is lost but subsequent segments in the same window are delivered normally, the receiver cannot send acknowledgements for these last segments. The reason for this is that receiver can acknowledge only contiguous bytes that it has received. Sender will be forced, once retransmission timer for the lost segment expires, to resend not only the lost segment, but all subsequent segments in the window too. This was identified as a potential case for improvement which led to the creation of the selective acknowledgments (SACK) algorithm (Jacobson and Braden, Oct. 1988). The algorithm helps to reduce the number of unnecessary retransmissions by allowing the receiver to send some feedback to the sender about the contiguous byte stream blocks it has already received. In order to take advantage of the new technique though, the two TCP endpoints must agree on using SACK upon negotiation (by using the option field of the TCP he ader). Two TCP original software implementations in the BSD Unix environment were named Tahoe and Reno. Tahoe includes the slow start, congestion avoidance and fast recovery algorithms whereas Reno includes all four basic algorithms described in the second section of this tutorial. NewReno is a slight modification of the Reno implementation and aims in boosting the performance during the fast retransmit and fast recovery phases. It is based on the notion of partial acknowledgements. In the case where multiple segments are dropped from a single window, sender enters fast retransmit phase and gets information about the retransmitted segments in terms of the first acknowledgment it gets. If only a single segment was dropped, then the acknowledgment will probably contain all segments previously transmitted before entering fast retransmit phase. If on the other hand, there were losses of multiple segments, the acknowledgment will be partial and will not contain all segments transmitted prior to fast retransmit phase entry. Using partial acknowledgements, fast recovery performance is enhanced as described in RFC2582. NewReno also improves round-trip and back-off timer calculations. In the literature, it is found that its main drawback is the poor performance in bursts of losses of segments within the same window (Wang and Shin, 2004). Non-TCP congestion control There are also some non-TCP techniques that can indirectly affect congestion control performance of TCP. These methods are not directly implemented in TCP software. The most popular technique of this kind is Random Early Detection (RED). In order to understand the method, one first has to consider what is called the global synchronization problem (D. Comer, 2000). Routers in the global Internet use the tail-drop policy for handling datagrams. When their input queue is full, any incoming datagram is discarded. Since datagrams are usually multiplexed in the Internet, severe problems can occur regarding congestion. Instead of dropping many segments of one TCP connection, tail-drop router policy actually causes single segment drops from many TCP connections. This, in turn, put the senders of these connections in slow start mode at almost the same time causing the global synchronization problem, which degrades performance considerably. To overcome this problem, RED (which is implemented in router software) defines two different thresholds that are associated with its internal queue, Tmin and Tmax. The following three rules govern the operation of RED It the queue size is less that Tmin, add any new incoming datagrams to it If the queue size is bigger that Tmax, drop any new incoming datagrams If the queue size is between Tmin and Tmax, randomly discard incoming datagrams with the help of a probability p. The main reason for this approach is to drop datagrams as congestion increases so as to avoid a queue overflow and a subsequent transition of many TCP connections to the slow start phase. As it is obvious, success of RED algorithm is based upon careful selection of the two thresholds Tmin and Tmax along with the probability p. Tmin must ensure high network utilization whereas Tmax must take into account the TCP round trip time so that it can accommodate the increase in queue size. Usually, Tmax is at least twice large as Tmin, or otherwise the same global synchronization problem may occur. Probability p computation is a complex task that is repeated for every new datagram. Non-linear schemes are used for this calculation in order to avoid overreacting to short bursts and protect TCP from unnecessary discards. These schemes usually take into account a weighted average queue size and use that size for determining the probability p. Details of RED are described in (S. Floyd and V. Jacob son, Aug. 1993). Research simulations show that RED works pretty well. It successfully handles congestion, eliminates the global synchronization problem that results from tail-drop policy seen before, and manages to allow short bursts without the need for extensive discards that could compromise TCP performance. When implemented by routers together with the TCP congestion control methods already built in the various network software implementations, it provides the necessary protection for network performance, securing its high utilization. Conclusions TCP performance is essential for providing true experience to single users, enterprises and everyone connected to the global Internet. One of the biggest challenges TCP faces as years come by, is congestion control (along with security which is another hot topic for TCP and other protocols). The original TCP standards described four methods that succeeded to almost eliminate congestion. As Internet increases in size and applications are becoming bandwidth hungry, new techniques that enhance inherent limitations of the four original algorithms are introduced and overall performance is kept in acceptable levels. Ongoing TCP research still focuses on congestion control and many new methods or variations are coming to fill any gaps that are gradually discovered by the ever-increasing Internet utilization.